Luoyang (洛阳) was the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty and later served as the capital of Cao Wei. Located in modern Henan Province, it was one of the most important cities in ancient China, serving as a political, economic, and cultural centre.
Historical significance
Luoyang became the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty in 25 CE, replacing Chang’an. The city was home to imperial palaces, government offices, and major cultural institutions. During the late Han period, it was the seat of imperial power, though that power was increasingly contested by eunuchs, imperial relatives, and regional governors.
Dong Zhuo’s sack and relocation
In 190, during the Campaign against Dong Zhuo, Dong Zhuo sacked Luoyang, burned the city, and forcibly relocated the court and Emperor Xian to Chang’an in the west. The destruction of Luoyang symbolised the collapse of Han central authority.
Restoration under Cao Cao
After Cao Cao gained control of Emperor Xian in 196, he moved the court to Xuchang initially, but Luoyang remained an important base. When Cao Pi forced the abdication of Emperor Xian and declared himself emperor of Wei in 220, Luoyang became the capital of the new dynasty.
As Wei capital
Luoyang served as the capital of Cao Wei throughout the dynasty’s existence (220–266). The city was rebuilt and expanded, housing the imperial court and administration. After the Sima family seized power and established the Jin dynasty in 266, Luoyang continued as the capital.
Modern Luoyang
Today, Luoyang is a major city in Henan Province. Archaeological sites and museums preserve the city’s ancient history, including remains from the Han and Wei periods.