Chang’an (长安) was one of the most important capitals in Chinese history, serving as the seat of the Western Han dynasty. Located in modern Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, the city was a major centre of politics, culture, and trade along the Silk Road.
Historical significance
Chang’an became the capital of the Western Han dynasty in 202 BCE. The city was carefully planned with a grid layout, imperial palaces, and defensive walls. It grew to become one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding one million at its peak. The city served as the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, connecting China to Central Asia and beyond.
Dong Zhuo’s relocation
In 190, fearing the coalition of warlords marching on Luoyang, Dong Zhuo forcibly relocated the imperial court to Chang’an. He ordered the burning of Luoyang and the destruction of the surrounding region. Millions of people were forced to march westward, with countless deaths along the way.
After Dong Zhuo’s death
Following Dong Zhuo’s assassination in 192, his generals Li Jue and Guo Si seized control of Chang’an and held Emperor Xian captive. The city descended into chaos as the warlords fought among themselves. The imperial court suffered greatly during this period.
Return to Luoyang
In 195, Emperor Xian managed to escape from Chang’an and began the journey back to Luoyang. The city was left in ruins, controlled by various warlords. Cao Cao eventually gained control of the region and brought stability to the area.
Archaeological remains
Modern Xi’an sits near the site of ancient Chang’an. Archaeological excavations have uncovered remains of the Han dynasty city walls, palaces, and tombs. The nearby Terracotta Army, while from an earlier period, testifies to the region’s importance. Museums in Xi’an preserve artefacts from the Han and Three Kingdoms periods.
Modern Xi’an
Today, Xi’an is a major city and the capital of Shaanxi Province. It remains an important cultural and historical centre, with numerous sites commemorating its ancient past as Chang’an.
References
- Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms (三国志)
- Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han (后汉书)
- Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian (资治通鉴)
- de Crespigny, Rafe. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms