Jing Province (荆州) was one of the largest and most strategically important provinces during the Three Kingdoms period. Covering modern Hubei and Hunan provinces, it controlled the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and served as a crucial link between the three kingdoms.
Historical significance
Jing Province was established during the Han dynasty as one of the thirteen provinces. The region was agriculturally rich, with fertile plains along the Yangtze River and its tributaries. The province commanded key water routes, making it vital for military campaigns and trade.
Under Liu Biao
Liu Biao served as Governor of Jing Province from 190 to 208. He maintained relative stability in the region while northern China descended into chaos. Liu Biao attracted scholars and refugees fleeing the wars, making Jing Province a centre of learning and culture. However, he failed to expand his power beyond the province.
After Liu Biao’s death
When Liu Biao died in 208, his successor Liu Cong surrendered Jing Province to Cao Cao without a fight. This prompted Liu Bei, who had taken refuge with Liu Biao, to flee southward. The Battle of Red Cliffs later that year prevented Cao Cao from consolidating control.
Division between Liu Bei and Sun Quan
After the Battle of Red Cliffs, Jing Province was divided between Liu Bei and Sun Quan. Liu Bei controlled the southern commanderies, while Sun Quan held the eastern portions. Guan Yu was left in charge of Liu Bei’s territories in Jing Province.
Lü Meng’s invasion
In 219, while Guan Yu was campaigning against Cao Cao’s forces in the north, Lü Meng of Eastern Wu launched a surprise invasion of Jing Province. Guan Yu was captured and executed, and Liu Bei lost all his territories in Jing Province. This event severely damaged the alliance between Shu and Wu.
Modern region
Today, the region of ancient Jing Province covers parts of Hubei and Hunan provinces. Major cities include Wuhan, Jingzhou, and Changsha. Historical sites commemorate the battles and figures of the Three Kingdoms period.
References
- Chen Shou, Records of the Three Kingdoms (三国志)
- Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han (后汉书)
- Sima Guang, Zizhi Tongjian (资治通鉴)
- de Crespigny, Rafe. A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms